Penentuan Aktivitas Antioksidan Berdasarkan Nilai IC50 Ekstrak Metanol Dan Fraksi Hasil Partisinya Pada Kulit Biji Pinang Yaki (Areca Vestiaria Giseke)

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol dan hasil partisinya dari ekstrak Areca vestiaria Giseke. Penelitian dimulai dengan proses maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol, kemudian dievaporasi pada suhu 40oC dan menghasilkan 27,3 g ekstrak pekat dari 330,2 g sampel. Selanjutnya, ekstrak metanol diuji aktivitas antioksidannya dan diperoleh nilai IC50 sebesar 8,3 ppm.. Ekstrak kemudian dipartisi dengan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat dan air dan dievaporasi. Seluruh fraksi kemudian diuji aktivitas antioksidannya dan fraksi etil asetat menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan yang paling baik dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 10,9 ppm.The purposes of this research were to determine the IC50 values from methanol extract and its extract partition of extract Areca vestiaria Giseke. The research was started with maceration process using methanol as a solvent, then evaporated at 40oC which produce 27,3 g extract from 330,2 g sample. After that, methanol extract was tested its antioxidant activity and the result of IC50 values ​​was 8,3 ppm. And then, the extract was partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water and evaporated. All of the fraction was then tested its antioxidant activity. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the best antioxidant activity with IC50 values ​​of 10,9 ppm

Role of the Calcium Plateau in the Neuronal Injury and Behavioral Morbidities Following Organophosphate Intoxication

Organophosphate (OP) chemicals include nerve agents and pesticides, and there is a growing concern of OP based chemical attacks against civilians. Current antidotes are essential in limiting immediate mortality associated with OP exposure. However, further research is needed to identify molecular mechanisms underlying long-term neurological deficits following survival of OP toxicity in order to develop effective therapeutics. We have developed rat survival models of OP induced status epilepticus (SE) that mimic chronic mortality and morbidity following OP intoxication. We have observed significant elevations in hippocampal calcium levels after OP SE that persisted for weeks following initial survival. Drugs inhibiting intracellular calcium-induced calcium release such as dantrolene, levetiracetam, and carisbamate lowered OP-SE mediated protracted calcium elevations. Given the critical role of calcium signaling in modulating behavior and cell-death mechanisms, drugs targeted at preventing the development of the calcium plateau could enhance neuroprotection, help reduce morbidity and improve outcome following survival of OP SE

STRATEGI PEMASARAN PAKET IBADAH UMRAH PADA PT PENJURU WISATA NEGERI PEKANBARU DALAM MENARIK MINAT CALON JAMAAH MENURUT PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh perkembangan travel umrah yang semakin pesat, salah satunya di kota Pekanbaru yang salah satunya adalah PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru yang beralamat di jalan Soekarno Hatta (Arengka 1), Kecamatan Marpoyan Damai, Pekanbaru. Berdasarkan fenomena dilapangan observasi awal dijumpai sekarang banyak kejadian travel umrah yang melakukan penipuan sehingga masyarakat kurang percaya. Untuk meningkatkan minat masyarakat untuk menggunakan jasa travel umrah, PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru ini melakukan promosi yang lebih giat lagi. Dari fenomena diatas penulis ingin mengetahui sejauh mana peranan strategi pemasaran PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru dalam menarik minat calon jamaah, apa saja dampak dari strategi pemasaran tersebut, serta tinjauan ekonomi islam terhadap strategi pemasaran PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru dalam menarik minat calon jamaah Penelitian ini dilakukan di PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Jalan Soekarno Hatta (Arengka 1), Kecamatan Marpoyan Damai, Pekanbaru. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah pimpinan dan karyawan PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru yang berjumlah 14 orang.. Sedangkan sampelnya diambil dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling sebanyak 5 orang. Teknik-teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi ditambah dengan literatur yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini. Analisa yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, maka penulis dapat mengambil kesimpulan PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru dalam meningkatkan minat calon jamaah merancang strategi dengan menggunakan bauran pemasaran (marketing mix). Dari strategi yang telah dirancang PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru mengalami kenaikan jumlah jamaah yang mendaftar dan berangkat menggunakan jasa PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru dibanding awal tahun 2018 serta penerapan strategi pemasaran PT Penjuru Wisata Negeri Pekanbaru sudah baik dan sesuai dengan ekonomi islam walau belum sempurna dan harus terus ditingkatkan. Kata Kunci: Strategi Pemasaran, Minat, dan Ekonomi Isla

Assessment of strength-based functioning, behavioural problems, and adaptive functioning in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by marked deficits in socialization. Along this spectrum, however, intellectual functioning varies. Individuals with low-functioning autism typically function in the moderate mental retardation range (IQ between 35-50), while higher-functioning individuals have average or above-average IQs. Because daily living skills (e.g., socialization) and cognitive functioning are important considerations in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, much research has focussed upon these areas in comparing ASD individuals with those individuals with developmental disabilities (DD). However, minimal research focus has been allotted to the strengths o f individuals diagnosed with these disorders as a differentiating feature. Specifically, very few studies have examined the connection between strengths, behavioural difficulties and adaptive functioning within these diagnostic groups. Comparison of individuals with these disorders with a sample of individuals with developmental disabilities may further strengthen the distinctness o f these conditions based upon behavioural difficulties, IQ and adaptive functioning, as well as provide evidence o f strengths potentially predictive o f adaptive behaviour. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to have primary caregivers (e.g., parents/guardians) complete two strength-based questionnaires, an adaptive measure and a behavioural checklist on adolescents with four different diagnoses. These diagnoses included Low-Functioning Autism (IQ below 70), High-Functioning Autism (IQ 70 and above), Asperger syndrome, developmental disability, and a control group with no formal diagnosis. The overall focus of this thesis was exploratory, however, some specific hypotheses were also tested. Results indicated different and unique profiles for each group in terms of strengths, adaptive functioning, and behavioural difficulties. Moreover, individuals with low-functioning autism exhibited similar profiles to those with developmental disability, and individuals with high-functioning autism exhibited profiles similar to those with Asperger Syndrome. Specifically, individuals with low-functioning autism and developmental disability exhibited fewer strengths and adaptive functioning skills and greater behavioural difficulties, while those with high-functioning autism and Asperger Syndrome displayed greater strengths and adaptive functioning skills and fewer behavioural difficulties. Normal individuals also differed from the diagnostic groups in this respect, in that they exhibited far more strengths and adaptive functioning skills and fewer behavioural difficulties when compared to the diagnostic groups

Using Community-Owned Resource Persons to Provide Early Diagnosis and Treatment and Estimate Malaria Burden at Community Level in North-Eastern Tanzania.

Although early diagnosis and prompt treatment is an important strategy for control of malaria, using fever to initiate presumptive treatment with expensive artemisinin combination therapy is a major challenge; particularly in areas with declining burden of malaria. This study was conducted using community-owned resource persons (CORPs) to provide early diagnosis and treatment of malaria, and collect data for estimation of malaria burden in four villages of Korogwe district, north-eastern Tanzania.In 2006, individuals with history of fever within 24 hours or fever (axillary temperature ≥37.5°C) at presentation were presumptively treated using sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine. Between 2007 and 2010, individuals aged five years and above, with positive rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were treated with artemether/lumefantrine (AL) while under-fives were treated irrespective of RDT results. Reduction in anti-malarial consumption was determined by comparing the number of cases that would have been presumptively treated and those that were actually treated based on RDTs results. Trends of malaria incidence and slide positivity rates were compared between lowlands and highlands. Of 15,729 cases attended, slide positivity rate was 20.4% and declined by >72.0% from 2008, reaching <10.0% from 2009 onwards; and the slide positivity rates were similar in lowlands and highlands from 2009 onwards. Cases with fever at presentation declined slightly, but remained at >40.0% in under-fives and >20.0% among individuals aged five years and above. With use of RDTs, cases treated with AL decreased from <58.0% in 2007 to <11.0% in 2010 and the numbers of adult courses saved were 3,284 and 1,591 in lowlands and highlands respectively. Malaria incidence declined consistently from 2008 onwards; and the highest incidence of malaria shifted from children aged <10 years to individuals aged 10-19 years from 2009. With basic training, supervision and RDTs, CORPs successfully provided early diagnosis and treatment and reduced consumption of anti-malarials. Progressively declining malaria incidence and slide positivity rates suggest that all fever cases should be tested with RDTs before treatment. Data collected by CORPs was used to plan phase 1b MSP3 malaria vaccine trial and will be used for monitoring and evaluation of different health interventions. The current situation indicates that there is a remarkable changing pattern of malaria and these areas might be moving from control to pre-elimination levels

Lost to follow up and clinical outcomes of HIV adult patients on antiretroviral therapy in care and treatment centres in Tanga City, north-eastern Tanzania

Scaling up of Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs is crucial and should be a perpetual venture in developing countries in-order to increase the survival period of HIV/AIDS individuals. In Tanzania, information on the rate of patients considered as lost to follow up during treatment with ARVs is scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the rate of lost to follow up and treatment outcome among patients attending two care and treatment clinics (CTCs) in Tanga City in north-eastern Tanzania. A descriptive observational study was carried out on cohorts from Tanga AIDS Working Group and Bombo Regional Hospital. The total number of patients identified as “lost to follow up” were 89 of which 14 (15.7%) died. Among those who died, 3 (21.4%) died between the second week and 3 months after ARV initiation. Of those still alive (84.3%; 75/89), 25% (19/75) were still on ARVs, whereas 47 (62.7%) self transferred to other CTCs. Proper patient documentation with actual residence address is a crucial aspect for adherence. Similarly, frequent prompt tracing of patient should be part of any drug interventional programme linking   facility and communities

Acceptability of malaria rapid diagnostic tests administered by village health workers in Pangani District, North eastern Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Malaria continues to top the list of the ten most threatening diseases to child survival in Tanzania. The country has a functional policy for appropriate case management of malaria with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) from hospital level all the way to dispensaries, which are the first points of healthcare services in the national referral system. However, access to these health services in Tanzania is limited, especially in rural areas. Formalization of trained village health workers (VHWs) can strengthen and extend the scope of public health services, including diagnosis and management of uncomplicated malaria in resource-constrained settings. Despite long experience with VHWs in various health interventions, Tanzania has not yet formalized its involvement in malaria case management. This study presents evidence on acceptability of RDTs used by VHWs in rural northeastern Tanzania. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using quantitative and qualitative approaches was conducted between March and May 2012 in Pangani district, northeastern Tanzania, on community perceptions, practices and acceptance of RDTs used by VHWs. RESULTS: Among 346 caregivers of children under 5 years old, no evidence was found of differences in awareness of HIV rapid diagnostic tests and RDTs (54 vs. 46 %, p = 0.134). Of all respondents, 92 % expressed trust in RDT results, 96 % reported readiness to accept RDTs by VHWs, while 92 % expressed willingness to contribute towards the cost of RDTs used by VHWs. Qualitative results matched positive perceptions, attitudes and acceptance of mothers towards the use of RDTs by VHWs reported in the household surveys. Appropriate training, reliable supplies, affordability and close supervision emerged as important recommendations for implementation of RDTs by VHWs. CONCLUSION: RDTs implemented by VHWs are acceptable to rural communities in northeastern Tanzania. While families are willing to contribute towards costs of sustaining these services, policy decisions for scaling-up will need to consider the available and innovative lessons for successful universally accessible and acceptable services in keeping with national health policy and sustainable development goals

Epidemiology of Malaria in an Area Prepared for Clinical Trials in Korogwe, North-eastern Tanzania.

Site preparation is a pre-requesite in conducting malaria vaccines trials. This study was conducted in 12 villages to determine malariometric indices and associated risk factors, during long and short rainy seasons, in an area with varying malaria transmission intensities in Korogwe district, Tanzania. Four villages had passive case detection (PCD) of fever system using village health workers. Four malariometric cross-sectional surveys were conducted between November 2005 and May 2007 among individuals aged 0-19 years, living in lowland urban, lowland rural and highland strata. A total of 10,766 blood samples were collected for malaria parasite diagnosis and anaemia estimation. Blood smears were stained with Giemsa while haemoglobin level was measured by HaemoCue. Socio-economic data were collected between Jan-Apr 2006. Adjusting for the effect of age, the risk of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia was significantly lower in both lowland urban, (OR = 0.26; 95%CI: 0.23-0.29, p < 0.001) and highlands, (OR = 0.21; 95%CI: 0.17-0.25, p < 0.001) compared to lowland rural. Individuals aged 6-9 years in the lowland rural and 4-19 years in both lowland urban and highlands had the highest parasite prevalence, whilst children below five years in all strata had the highest parasite density. Prevalence of splenomegaly and gametocyte were also lower in both lowland urban and highlands than in lowland rural. Anaemia (Hb <11 g/dl) prevalence was lowest in the lowland urban. Availability of PCD and higher socio-economic status (SES) were associated with reduced malaria and anaemia prevalence. Higher SES and use of bed nets in the lowland urban could be the important factors for low malaria infections in this stratum. Results obtained here were used together with those from PCD and DSS in selecting a village for Phase 1b MSP3 vaccine trial, which was conducted in the study area in year 2008